(1)Insect-inspired flight systems: a closed-loop system to achieve flight control through overarching an external mechanical system and an inner working system [Liu et al PTB 2016].†
(2)Flapping wing aerodynamics (CFD simulation): The leading-edge vortex (LEV) is a universal mechanism responsible for augmenting lift production to have insects stay on the airborne [Liu et al JEB 1999; Liu JCP 2009; Liu et al BB 2010; Liu et al PTB 2016 Liu et al AMS 2017].†
(3)Flexible wing aerodynamics (FSI simulation): Passive wing deformation owing to wing flexibility can increase aerodynamic force and performance (Nakata & Liu 2010; Nakata et al 2018).†
(4)Dynamic flight stability and control in insect flight (Free flight simulation): Rigid flapping-wing aerodynamics coupled with 6DoF body motion indicates that flight instability probably exists in most flying insects [Gao & Liu 2010; Liu et al 2016].†
(5)Flapping flight in turbulence (EXP and CFD): Bumblebees minimize control challenges by combining active and passive modes in unsteady winds [Ravi et al 2016].